Public Policy Pharmaceutical Industry

Question: Discuss about the Public Policy for Pharmaceutical Industry. Answer: Introduction: The use of professional judgment in the adoption of policies and measurements are vital for preparation of the financial statement. It is important to exercise a degree of caution for determining the actual assets and income which are not overstated whereas expenses and liabilities are not understated (Almandoz and Tilcsik 2015). Generally, an accounting transaction is recognized when an entity obtains services or goods. In other words, the transaction is recognized as an expense or liability when cash is being settled. However the profit often overstated when entity finds difficult to encounter the possible obligations whose existence may be observed from the unfavorable economic conditions but their amount cannot be measured reliably or settlement is not probable. Thus contingent liabilities are not recognized which may be the potential cause of the overstated profits because an accountant failed to take into account the probable expenses while recording the list of operational act ivities. By overstating inventory, on the other hand, the company can inflate the cost of inventory (Devi 2015). This indicates that the actual cost is below the ascertained value. While perpetual inventory method, it is very difficult to monitor the tracking movements and thus the losses in inventory does not detect. Thus, the company may suffer overstating inventory at the end of the reporting period by the associated cost of lost inventory. There are other ways way in which the potential future environment impact of production and thus, overstate inventory leads to profits being overstated. Based on the given approach, the overstating of the profits is often done in order to compensate with the future liabilities, which may need to be sorted for the company. Hence, in this case the overstating of the profit of the company has been directly seen with the relevance of the accounting of the future liabilities. The different type of the other factors, which has led to the overstating of the profit, has been evident in form of the liabilities, which might occur from the future warranty costs. The main implication on the overstating of the profits of the company has been seen in form of taking into account the full cost related to the various types of the operational activities of the business. The rationale for this has been further seen in terms of the benefits related to cover the potential environmental impact (Rassier 2016). It might be possible that due to economic crisis there, the company is facing production crunch, hence the overstatement of the profits will act as a lucrative option for the investors even during the situation of economic downturn. In several cases, the companies are seen to be negligent on part of taking into account the various types of the cost related to the operational activities. This is also directly relevant to the different types of the manufacturing and the production activities taken by the company. As the profits are overstated the company will be automatically be able to compensate for the inclusion of these costs (Lexchin 2016). It is noteworthy to denote that if the corporation overstates its profit it will also lead to the overstatement of gross profit and net income. Along with this, current assets, retained earnings, total assets and equity of stockholder are all related to the financial ratios. Overstatement of the gross profit and net income leads to the overstatement of the inventory and then not enough of the cost of goods sold are available. It is worth mentioning that the higher the amount of the net income represents that the reported amount of retained earnings and stockholders equity is also high (Deegan 2013). Therefore, the overstated amount of the inventory after the end of the financial year turns into the beginning inventory in the following financial year. In the following year the period of cost of goods sold will also be high and will ultimately lead to lower reporting of the gross profit and net income. However, the retained earnings and the other balance sheet amounts will be corrected at the end of the second reporting period. When it is found that the reported amount is overstated it represents that the financial amount reported is incorrect and the amount reported by the company is more than the true or correct amount (Nobes 2014). It is important to denote that management teams often take accounting estimates that are subjected to several incentives. This could lead them to overstatement of the financial performance as an overstated financial accounting statement could help in avoiding the negative consequences of reporting poor performance. References Almandoz, J. and Tilcsik, A., 2015. When experts become liabilities: Domain experts on boards and organizational failure. Academy of Management Journal, pp.amj-2013. Deegan, C., 2013.Financial accounting theory. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Devi, R.U., 2015. Creative accounting practices-Its Pros Cons: An analysis. International Journal of Management, IT and Engineering, 5(1), pp.40-52. Lexchin, J., 2016.Private Profits versus Public Policy: The Pharmaceutical Industry and the Canadian State. University of Toronto Press. Nobes, C., 2014.International Classification of Financial Reporting 3e. Routledge. Rassier, D.G., 2016. Fair Value Accounting and Measures of US Corporate Profits for Financial Institutions.

Why Was Manifest Destiny a Significant Component in the Making of America free essay sample

The term â€Å"Manifest Destiny† was the belief that the expansion of the U. S. was ordained by God to spread over the entire continent, but also many just saw it as a slogan to promote expansion. The term first came about by a man named John L. O’Sullivan in 1845, who expressed the idea that Americans had the God-given right to settle all of North America. This term was used widely by the people who supported the campaign of annexing western territory but also the people who wanted to expand to the Pacific. In John L. O’Sullivan’s article, â€Å"Annexation† he exclaims, . he right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and federative development of self government entrusted to us. It is right such as that of the tree to the space of air and the earth suitable for the full expansion of its principle and destiny of growth. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Was Manifest Destiny a Significant Component in the Making of America? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page (1) Once the concept had been given the name Manifest Destiny it became widely used, appearing in newspapers, debates, paintings and advertisements. O’Sullivan’s original conception of Manifest Destiny was not a call for territorial expansion by force. He believed that the expansion of the United States would happen without the direction of the U. S. government or the involvement of the military. O’Sullivan did not originate the idea of Manifest Destiny, while his phrase provided a useful label for ideas which had become particularly popular during the 1840s, the ideas themselves were not new. Ideas from manifest destiny were emphasized in the Monroe Doctrine, and also the colonial times as Americans tried to break away from their mother country. The Monroe Doctrine of 1822 stated that Britain couldn’t settle anywhere in the western hemisphere, hence the reason why America wanted to place keeps on the land around them. The ideas were also developed in colonial times when the colonists were trying to break free from Britain, and the revolution added the sense of nationalism that this concept illustrated. John L. O’Sullivan’s exert from his article definlitley opened the idea to Americans more so than ever. It became the leading light for westward expansion and during this period in history thousands of people packed up their families and belongings and moved west to new territories to gain land and to make a fortune. The term Manifest Destiny conveyed the idea that the rightful destiny of the US included imperialistic expansion. In 1836, the Republic of Texas declared independence from Mexico and, after the Texas Revolution, sought to join the United States as a new state. The annexation of Texas became a big deal, and with the idea of nationalism and the Americans â€Å"destiny† they were able to accomplish annexation, but Mexico refused to see them as independent. The annexation of Texas was controversial, however, since it would add another slave state to the Union. Presidents Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren declined Texas’s offer to join the United States in part because the slavery issue threatened to divide the Democratic Party. Although elected by a very slim margin, Polk proceeded as if his victory had been a mandate for expansion. As he came to office congress had already approved the annexation of the area of Texas. Polk decided to occupy a portion of Texas which was also claimed by Mexico, paving the way for the outbreak of the Mexican-American War on April 24, 1846. After success on the battlefield some Americans came up with the idea â€Å"All Mexico† to try and annex all of Mexico into the country because it would ensure future peace in the region. This led to controversy because the argument was very two-sided. Many Americans were racist and didn’t want any non-Anglo Saxon people apart of their country, but also because it forced a whole country to be a part of the U. S. which imposed their will as people. The controversy was eventually ended by the Mexican Cession, which added the territories of California and New Mexico to the United States, both more sparsely populated than the rest of Mexico. Manifest Destiny played its most important role in the Oregon boundary dispute with Great Britain. The Anglo-American Convention of 1818 had provided for the joint occupation of the Oregon Country, and thousands of Americans migrated there in the 1840s over the Oregon Trail. The vast majority of men and women who crossed the continent on the Oregon Trail in the mid-1800s did so for personal reasons. They were looking for a less crowded and more fertile place to farm, or they planned to make money selling trade goods. . Americans settled in Oregon Country as early as 1831 with their wagons and pride they traveled two thousand miles through prairie, desert, and mountain terrain just to reach this new land. They developed this sense that the land there had a better hope, so many dropped everything they had to start a future in the Oregon Country. The idea of manifest destiny played a huge role in the 1844 election, James K. Polk vs. Henry Clay. The democratic candidate, James Polk, favored expansion he wanted to add California, New Mexico, Texas, and Oregon to the United States. Oregon was a big issue during his campaign. During this time the United States shared occupation of Oregon with Great Britain. In his campaign, Polk pushed for taking over all of this territory with his slogan â€Å"Fifty-four forty or fight! †, â€Å"Reoccupation of Oregon! † â€Å"All the way to the 54’40! †(2) Instead of fighting for the territory, he settled for half. After Polk was elected President in 1844 the boundary between British Canada and the United States was permanently extended along the 49th parallel all the way to the Pacific Coast. This election definitely contributed to the democratic institutions of manifest destiny and how the idea not only appealed to the people but politics too. Americans settled in Oregon Country as early as 1831 with their wagons and pride they traveled two thousand miles through prairie, desert, and mountain terrain just to reach this new land. They certainly had manifest destiny on their minds while traveling that great distance. Around the same time a man by the name of John Fremont decided to lead an expedition into the area of California to survey the land. He was sent to map the west coast for the U. S. army, but he was accused of encouraging American settlers to revolt against the Mexican citizens so he was told to leave the territory. Four days before the United States declared war on Mexico, Fremont received information that the Mexican military commander was going to order all American settlers to leave California, so he went back to California to let the American settlers know. On June 14, a group of twenty men moved on Sonoma, captured General Vallejo and declared California a republic with the raising of the Bear Flag, hence the name of the Bear Flag revolt. When U. S. forces arrived in early July, Fremont organized the Bear Flag revolters into a military-like group and worked to complete the conquest of California. On January 13, 1847, Fremont received the final surrender of the Californios(descendants of the Spanish and Mexican conquerors who had once ruled California) with the signing of the Treaty of Cahuenga. Fremonts activities in California were the expression of the idea of Manifest Destiny. Through his explorations and reports, he helped the U. S. develop interest in settling the West. By encouraging settlers to revolt against the Mexican authorities, Fremont sought to pave the way for the annexation of California by the United States, and amped up the drive of the Americans to settle the west. After the Mexican-American War ended in 1848, many expansionists decided to take it upon themselves to look for more land to settle and call theirs. Without official government support, the most extreme advocates of Manifest Destiny increasingly turned to military filibustering. Filibustering was the act of a person who engages in a private military action in a foreign country. Though illegal, the filibustering operations in the late 1840s and early 1850s were emphasized by the U. S. press, and became very important to Polk. The United States had long been interested in acquiring Cuba from the declining Spanish Empire. As with Texas, Oregon, and California, American policy makers were concerned that Cuba would fall into British hands, which would cause a threat to the interests of the United States. Polk was interested but his attempts at getting the island of Cuba failed. Filibusters like William Walker continued to catch headlines in the late 1850s, but with the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1860 the idea of expansion began to focus on that dealing with the north and south. Expansionism was among the various issues that played a role in the coming of the war, but it had to do with the slavery. As the Civil War came to a close and reconstruction took its toll, along with the close of the frontier Americans became land hungry for places outside of the United States. America tried to gain land in Venezuela, Cuba, Chile, Puerto Rico and the Philippine Islands. America also had already purchased Alaska from Russia and was able to acquire Hawaii as well. In 1898, after the sinking of the USS Maine in the harbor at Havana, Cuba, the United States ntervened on the side of the Cubans who were fighting the Spanish Empire, beginning the Spanish–American War. Although advocates of Manifest Destiny in the 1840s had called for the annexation of Cuba, the Teller Amendment, passed by the U. S. Senate before the war, proclaimed Cuba free and independent and disclaimed any U. S. intention to annex the island. After the war, the Platt Amendment (1902) established C uba as a future colony of the United States. Unlike Cuba, the United States did annex Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines after the war with Spain. The acquisition of these islands marked a new chapter in U. S. history. Traditionally, territories were acquired by the United States inside of the borders but now they’ve acquired land outside expanding further than just west. Although the idea of Manifest Destiny died down a bit after the 19th century some Americans tried to continue the slogan throughout history. People like Woodrow Wilson, attempted to redefine both Manifest Destiny and Americas mission on a broader, worldwide scale. Wilson led the United States into World War I with the argument that The world must be made safe for democracy. (3) In his 1920 message to Congress after the war, Wilson stated: â€Å"I think we all realize that the day has come when Democracy is being put upon its final test. The Old World is just now suffering from a wanton rejection of the principle of democracy and a substitution of the principle of autocracy as asserted in the name, but without the authority and sanction, of the multitud e. This is the time of all others when Democracy should prove its purity and its spiritual power to prevail. It is surely the manifest destiny of the United States to lead in the attempt to make this spirit prevail. (4)Wilson wanted the American people to realize how much manifest destiny affected them as a whole but also the democratic institutions involved with the concept as well. To some, Manifest Destiny was based on the idea that America had a divine providence. It had a future that was destined by God to expand its borders, with no limit to area or country. All the traveling and expansion were part of the spirit of Manifest Destiny, a belief that it was Gods will that Americans spread over the entire continent, and to control and populate the country as they see it. Many expansionists conceived God as having the power to sustain and guide human destiny. It was white mans burden to conquer and Christianize the land (5), meaning its affiliation with God gave people the notion to do so. For example, the idea that the Puritan notion of establishing a city on a hill(6) was eventually turned into Manifest Destiny, a religious destiny. These concepts contributed to the big bowl of ideas created by manifest destiny. There is much debate on whether Manifest Destiny played an important role in American history and whether it actually helped America or made matters worse. Some objections to the idea could be the treatment of Indians, and other native people to an area America tried to acquire, but also the amped up egotistical and self-interested attitude it gave many Americans. For example, during the settling of the frontier Indians were treated very badly. They were forced out of their original land and place in Indian reserves, under the Indian Removal Act. The Americans treated the Indians as if they were of lesser value than them. They massacred villages, killed many men, women, and children, and lied to the Indians just to acquire their land. Americans tried to assimilate them into their society, by forcing them to learn â€Å"white† customs and language but also how to be civil, basically stripping them from all of their customs and traditions. An Indian chief exclaims, â€Å"The Great Spirit raised both the white man and the Indian. I think he raised the Indian first. He raised me in this land, it belongs to me. The white man was raised over the great waters, and his land is over there. Since they crossed the sea, I have given them room. There are now white people all about me. I have but a small spot of land left. The Great Spirit told me to keep it. (7)He expresses the great deal of loss him and the rest of the Indians had to go through because of the Americans and their â€Å"right† to the land. This also was a problem during the period where America tried to settle California and the Californios were killed right on the spot if they did anything to protect their land. Also during the beginning of the slogan many Whigs, or a member of a U. S. political party formed in opposition to the Democratic Party and favored high tariffs and a weak presidency, condemned the idea of manifest destiny stating that the moves for expansion were unprincipled and made the Americans look greedy. Overall these ideas contributed to the side of manifest destiny that is often overlooked, but influenced American history greatly. Manifest Destiny definitely played an important role throughout history. It controlled Americas destiny and was responsible for mans travels throughout history. With this said, America would not be America without the great idea of Manifest Destiny. The philosophy that was built off of manifest destiny gave Americans the drive and force that expansionists everywhere used to justify territorial growth. Some used the idea of Manifest Destiny as a political philosophy stressing democratic institution and social stability, while others used it as a simple reason to explore new lands, or that it was God’s plan. Manifest Destiny was responsible for creating American history. Without it, American territory would be as big as the property surrounding its first settlement. It was the movement responsible for American Expansion. Because of the idea of Manifest Destiny, Americas drive to explore and conquer new lands will never die.

Writing a Vacation Essay Sample

Writing a Vacation Essay SampleWhen you write a vacation essay sample, there are several aspects of it that you need to consider. The first is whether or not you are comfortable writing. Do you have a firm grasp of the rules of grammar and spelling?The second aspect of a vacation essay is to consider the topic of your article, and how well you understand the topic. The fact that you have gotten into writing this type of material does not mean that you know what you are doing. What kind of vacation do you go on?Finally, and perhaps most importantly, you should get some help from someone who has had to write a vacation essay. This can be a good opportunity to check your own skills. You should also check out the experience of people you know who have written vacation articles.A vacation essay sample will typically consist of several different sections. You will first be asked to write an introduction to the topic of the article. In this section, you will include important information ab out yourself and where you live, as well as information about your topic.The next section of the vacation essay sample will ask you to describe a vacation you have recently taken. This is usually quite short and it will also outline how you stayed in each destination. This is where you will talk about things such as food, local attractions, and lodging.The last section will include a question, based on your experiences and research. This is the part where you will talk about something that you took with you on your trip. The important thing to remember about this section is that you can write a short article about any situation that you happened to go through.These are the basic elements that you should remember when you write a vacation essay sample. Remember that if you get stuck, you should seek out someone who has had to write similar topics.

Modern Latin America essays

Modern Latin America essays The Latin American and Caribbean region has witnesses much oppression, injustice and political strife, however its revolutionary and guerilla style method of working towards achieving greater changes has taken shape in various ways. All of revolutionary movements have said to be fighting for a greater cause, which would prove to be liberating people from political oppression, economic slum and social deficiencies. However, the means, strategies, and results have varied. The focus within this brief analysis was centered on the revolutionary movement in Peru and that within Nicaragua. To compliment a further objective of this essay, was a parallel perspective on each revolution, its pros and cons, and means of achieving the desired goal, by Rigoberta Menchu, in corelance to her own revolutionary activism in Guatemala. Echoes throughout Perufrom remote mountain and jungle villages, from occupied universities, and from the immense shantytowns that surround Lima. The downtrodden of Peru have risen up in a revolutionary storm. It was the final odyssey in the struggle against oppression for indigenous people who have been held down for centuries. Out of extensive period of oppression, political dissatisfaction and despair, people finally began to mobilize to demand a change. Out of various political, social and economical circumstances, a revolutionary movement was born, known as the Shinning Path. Its considered by many to be the most dangerous and violent terrorist organization in the world. The group derives its name from Mariategui, an avowed Marxist, who once stated that Marxism was a "shining path to the future." Yet, despite this apparent connection, Shining Path espouses a neo-Maoist orientation and was formed as a splinter group of the Communist Party of Peru. The goal of this organization i s the destruction of the existing Peruvian government in favor of an Indian-run socialist system. It attempts to carry out this goa...

How to Optimize Your Marketing Funnel with Alex Brazeau [PODCAST]

How to Optimize Your Marketing Funnel with Alex Brazeau [PODCAST] You are probably including a call to action on each piece of content, but are you optimizing them as part of your marketing strategy? Even more importantly, are your calls to action placing your prospects well into what today’s guest calls the â€Å"marketing funnel†? Alex Brazeau, the public relations manager at Corel, is going to share his story of how he and his team members optimize content, create great calls to action, and use a marketing funnel to draw in prospects into conversions. Some of the topics you’ll hear about on today’s show include: What Corel does and all about Alex’s role there. How Alex keeps everything organized. The marketing funnel framework, from focusing on potential customer problems through comparing, acting, converting, and retaining the customer. The biggest problems Alex faced when mapping out his funnel, as well as how he resolved the issues. An example of what a marketing campaign might look like when using the marketing funnel. The results that Alex has achieved with his marketing funnel. Alex’s best advice for a marketer looking to implement a similar framework. Links: Corel VideoStudio Micro Moments The Power of Habit by Charles Duhigg Special Offer on the Corel Photo Video Bundle (10% off!) If you liked today’s show, please subscribe on iTunes to The Actionable Content Marketing Podcast! The podcast is also available on SoundCloud, Stitcher, and Google Play. Quotes By Alex: â€Å"The content challenges that we face as content marketers are actually pretty similar to just about anyone who’s creating content without an overarching strategy.† â€Å"I think adopting a funnel framework has had a huge impact on literally every aspect of our content operations.† â€Å"If you’re going to jump into content marketing, you really should have a documented strategy.†

Discussion President Gerge Herbert Walker Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion President Gerge Herbert Walker - Essay Example It could be argued that these events came relatively early during George H.W. Bush’s presidency, and really reflect initiatives and policies of the previous president (Ronald Reagan). Two major international political initiatives that were truly spearheaded by the Bush Presidency that I have seen through my research were the military incursions into Panama and Operation Desert Storm. Whilst the actual political details of these two events are well storied, my personal impressions of the event were that they demonstrated a kind of turnaround for the United States armed forces. I recall watching an interview with Colin Powell in which he postulated that a real concern for the president was that the military incursions could expand into a second ‘Vietnam’ insofar as the nation would become involved in a prolonged un-winnable war. Ultimately the United States recognized an overwhelming military success in both incursions. After the collapse of the Soviet Union this le ft the United States in a militarily dominate position. On the negative side of the spectrum the Bush Presidency also recognized a serious downturn in the economy. Moreover, as part of his initial presidential campaign promise, Bush utilized the slogan â€Å"Read my lips, no new taxes.† As part of a compromise with the Democratic Party ultimately Bush had implemented significant new taxes which in a way tarnished his reputation.

Sociology - (Classical theorist Marx) Give an account of how Marx Essay

Sociology - (Classical theorist Marx) Give an account of how Marx understood History - Essay Example But was Karl Marx, sometimes in collaboration with friend and political economist, Friedrich Engels (1820-1895) who revolutionized the relationship of material production and the role of human beings within social structures. He devoted a good part of his time to economic studies on the flaws of the capitalist society; and produced some famous works like the ‘Communist Manifesto’ (1848) and ‘Das Capital’ (1867), with one aim: the self-emancipation of the working class. Hegel (1770-1831) and Ludwig Feuerbach (1804 -1872) are two theorists who affected Marx very strongly. The concept of Historical Materialism: In his ‘Introduction to Theses On Feuerbach’ (1845), Marx commences his own distinctive posit on Materialism, based on Feuerbach’s critique of Hegel’s ‘Theory of the Right’ (1821).His view of history is very different from the others. Marx, states that â€Å"it is not the consciousness of men that determines their being, but, on the contrary, their social being that determines their consciousness (Marx and Engels, 1859: pp 503-504). According to Hegel (1821), God created everything from Him, thus ‘God’ was the ‘Absolute Idea’. Then, due to the nature of the material world opposing God, the ‘negation’ or ‘alienation’ from God occurred; this was a dialectic or a clash of opposite forces; until a third stage of the growth of man’s consciousness, would reconcile with the ‘Absolute Idea’ and return to a state of original consciousness. It had at its centre that all events are predetermined by God. Feuerbach (1841) argued that, the faculty of thought, which is the property of human beings, was the ruling principle of existence, and not God, as theorized by Hegel, and love was what united them. Marx, while agreeing with Hegel in part by accepting the ‘clash of opposing forces’ notion, he rejected Hegel’s view of the ‘Absolute Idea’. Marx posited that ‘labour’ was the ‘essence